Essentially, albeit for very simple contracts, with payments which are certain, I am exploring the differences between volatile market related results and the smoothing mechanism that I have used. If we were able to derive the correct initial financial parameters, and hence the correct initial single premium, the final assets would be 10,000 (real or nominal) for the endowment or zero for the annuity. From the various charts (reached here), we can see that using the base pricing approach (termed “baseline”) is unlikely to lead to those results (or we might just have guessed that).

How can we do better? Well, let's just solve for the initial single premium which does lead to the right outcome at the end of the contract. That directly leads us to the corresponding discount rate that should have been chosen for pricing and I have called this “adjusted”. Having already used the word approach to distinguish between MtM and Off, I have called these “stages”.

For the endowment, suppose that the MtM and Off (baseline) initial discount rates were i and j and that the required interest rate is k (SAME for MtM and Off).

By including more and better information, I reckon that smoothing will normally lead to better long-term results than marking to market. Formally, I believe that j should be closer to k than i is and that is what I have been considering in the required adjustments section of this website.